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<div id="contentwrapper"><div id="rightcontent"><div id="headimage"><img height="100" width="530" alt="National Space Science Data Center Header" src="/logo/nssdc_header.jpg"/></div><h1>Radio Science (RSS)</h1><p><strong>NSSDC ID:</strong> 1977-084A-02<br/><strong>Mission Name:</strong> Voyager 1<br/><strong>Principal Investigator:</strong> Prof. G. Leonard Tyler<br/></p><div class="twocol"><div class="urone"><h2>Description</h2><p>
          The Radio Science Team used the telecommunications system of the Voyager spacecraft to perform its studies. The system was a coherent S- and X-band downlink and an S-band uplink. The science objectives of the radio science investigation were (1) to determine the physical properties of planetary and satellite ionospheres and atmospheres by examining the propagation effects on a dual-frequency radio signal during immersion and emersion of spacecraft occultation by the subject body, (2) to determine planetary and satellite masses, gravity fields, and densities by precise tracking of a dual-frequency radio signal from the spacecraft during the encounter period, and (3) to determine the amount and size distribution of material in Saturn's rings and the ring dimensions by examining the propagation effects on a dual-frequency radio signal that passed through each ring in succession, and through the gap between the C ring and Saturn's surface.
          </p></div><div class="urtwo"><h2>Alternate Names</h2><ul><li>RSS</li></ul><h2>Facts in Brief</h2><p><strong>Mass:</strong> 44.0 kg<br/></p><h2>Funding Agency</h2><ul><li>NASA-Office of Space Science (United States)</li></ul><h2>Disciplines</h2><ul><li>Planetary Science: Atmospheres</li><li>Planetary Science: Celestial Mechanics</li><li>Planetary Science: Small Bodies</li></ul><h2>Additional Information</h2><ul><li><a href="spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-084A">Voyager 1</a></li><li><a href="datasetSearch.do?spacecraft=Voyager 1&amp;experiment=Radio Science (RSS)">Data collections from this experiment</a></li></ul><h2/><p>
          Questions or comments about this experiment can be directed to:
          <a href="mailto:ed.bell@nasa.gov?Subject=NMC Comment/Question: Radio Science (RSS) (1977-084A-02)">Dr. Edwin V. Bell, II</a>.
          </p></div></div><div class="clear"> </div><h2>Personnel</h2><table cellspacing="0" class="datatab"><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Role</th><th>Original Affiliation</th><th>E-mail</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Dr. Thomas A. Croft</td><td>Team Member</td><td>SRI International</td><td>tomcroft@kl.sri.com</td></tr><tr class="odd"><td>Dr. Gunnar F. Lindal</td><td>Team Member</td><td>NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory</td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>Prof. Von R. Eshleman</td><td>Team Member</td><td>Stanford University</td><td>eshleman@nova.stanford.edu</td></tr><tr class="odd"><td>Prof. G. Leonard Tyler</td><td>Team Leader</td><td>Stanford University</td><td>len@nova.stanford.edu</td></tr><tr><td>Mr. Gerald S. Levy</td><td>Team Member</td><td>NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory</td><td> </td></tr><tr class="odd"><td>Dr. John D. Anderson</td><td>Team Member</td><td>NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory</td><td>john.d.anderson@jpl.nasa.gov</td></tr><tr><td>Mr. G. E. Wood</td><td>Team Member</td><td>NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory</td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table><h2>Selected References</h2><p>Marouf, E. A., <em>et al.</em>,
      Profiling Saturn's rings by radio occultation,
      <em>Icarus</em>, 68, No. 1, 120-166, Oct. 1986.
      </p><p>Tyler, G. L., <em>et al.</em>,
      Radio occultation of Jupiter's ring: Bounds on optical depth and particle size and a comparison with infrared and optical results,
      <em>J. Geophys. Res.</em>, 86, No. A10, 8699-8703, Sept. 1981.
      </p><p>Lindal, G. F., <em>et al.</em>,
      The atmosphere of Jupiter: An analysis of the Voyager radio occultation measurements,
      <em>J. Geophys. Res.</em>, 86, No. A10, 8721-8727, Sept. 1981.
      </p><p>Eshleman, V. R., <em>et al.</em>,
      Radio science with Voyager 1 at Jupiter: Preliminary profiles of the atmosphere and ionosphere,
      <em>Science</em>, 204, No. 4396, 976-978, June 1979.
      </p><p>Eshleman, V. R., <em>et al.</em>,
      Radio science investigations with Voyager,
      <em>Space Sci. Rev.</em>, 21, No. 2, 207-232, Nov. 1977.
      </p></div><div id="leftcontent"><div id="leftnav"><h2>NSSDC Master Catalog Search</h2>
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        <li>NASA Official: <a href="mailto:Edwin.J.Grayzeck@nasa.gov">Dr. Ed Grayzeck</a></li>
        <li>Curator: <a href="mailto:Ed.Bell@nasa.gov">E. Bell, II</a></li>
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