Pioneer Venus Small Probe (North)

Description

This spacecraft was the first Small Probe of the Pioneer Venus Multiprobe mission. On this mission four instrumented atmospheric entry probes were carried by a spacecraft Bus to the vicinity of Venus for descent through the atmosphere to the planetary surface. Two Small Probes entered on the nightside, and one Small Probe and one Large Probe entered on the dayside of the planet. The spacecraft Bus entered the atmosphere and obtained atmospheric composition data until burnup. Investigations emphasized the study of the structure composition and nature of the atmosphere down to the surface, and of the clouds, the radiation field and energy exchange in the lower atmosphere, and local information on the atmospheric circulation pattern. A sister mission, Pioneer Venus Orbiter, placed an orbiting spacecraft around Venus 5 days before the Probes entered the atmosphere. Simultaneous measurements by the Probes and Orbiter permitted relating specific local measurements to the general state of the planet and its environment as observed from orbit. The total cost of building and operating the probes was $83 million.